Cycloaliphatic carbonates as reactive diluents in epoxy resins

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method for limiting peak exotherm temperatures in epoxy systems comprising the step of: combining an amine hardener, an epoxy and a diluent to form an epoxy system, wherein the diluent is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, delta-valerolactam, delta-valerolactone, gamma valerolactone, butyrolactam, beta butyrolactone, gamma butyrolactone, and combinations thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Pat. App. Ser. No. 61/312,924, filed Mar. 11, 2010, which is incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to methods of producing epoxy resin systems and more particularly to the use of cycloaliphatic carbonates as reactive diluents in epoxy resin systems.

2. Background of the Invention

Formulators of epoxy resin systems have long used various means for reducing the viscosity of formulations in order to effectively utilize the performance benefits ascribable to cured epoxy resins, relative to other available chemistries. For many epoxy resin applications, low viscosities provide desired benefits such as improvements in 1) mixing, 2) wetting (of surfaces, fillers, fibers, etc), 3) crack injection, 4) application (e.g. by roller, trowel, spray, etc.), and 5) infusion (e.g. for porous structure consolidation, preforms for composites, etc.).

Lower molecular weight, lower viscosity compounds, termed “diluents,” are commonly added to epoxy formulations, commonly on the epoxy resin side of two-part formulations, for viscosity reduction. Diluents that polymerize into the system, known as reactive diluents, are preferred over the use of non-reactive diluents, since mechanical and thermal property reductions in the cured resin are less severe for reactive diluents. Property reductions become greater as diluent levels are increased, thus there is often a trade-off between achieving the desired low viscosity and maintaining the required properties in the cured resin. For this reason, decreasing viscosity while minimizing the level of diluent used is an ongoing goal as formulators simultaneously search for diluents having either greater efficiency or show lower property reduction.

One relatively simple viscosity reduction method is heating the epoxy resin and hardener. This method is of limited utility in some cases since the heat increases the polymerization rate and unacceptably shortens the available processing time. Also, the higher initial temperatures of the reactants lead to higher exotherm temperatures that may exceed allowable limits. Too high of an exotherm temperature can lead to a variety of problems. In such applications where the mass of the reactive epoxy mixtures is great enough that the heat of reaction raises the temperature excessively, problems can arise from a variety of causes such as 1) thermal expansion of the components, 2) expansion of entrained gases, 3) volatilization of lower boiling components, 4) thermal degradation of the material (particularly in the thickest sections which become hottest), 5) sagging, 6) cycle time lengthening (e.g. due to needed cooling to attain rigidity for de-molding), 7) added thermal load in buildings where manufacturing is being done, etc. Thus, ways of decreasing the peak exotherm temperature of epoxy formulations are of benefit in may circumstances.

Decreasing the peak exotherm temperature could be done in a variety of ways, such as: 1) pre-cooling of components, 2) incorporation of phase change materials, 3) direct cooling during polymerization, 4) substitution of reactants having lower reactivity, 5) addition of fillers (in greater quantity and/or of higher heat capacity or thermal conductivity), etc. For certain applications several of these means of exotherm reduction are unacceptable. For instance, pre-cooling of components may raise viscosity and prevent good mixing, wetting, mold-filling, etc. Phase change materials may be expensive, chemically reactive, soluble once liquid, change at non-optimum temperatures, etc. Direct cooling is poorly effective in the thickest regions and may create additional residual stresses due to thermal expansion mismatches between components. Components having lower reactivity are also typically slower curing and require additional heat for full polymerization, thus they create a need for longer cycle times or higher bake temperatures. Filler incorporation greatly affects the mechanical properties and thus may be specified and fixed. Additionally, though higher filler levels decrease exotherm temperatures, there are practical upper limits of use level, based on both processing and performance, which cannot be exceeded.

Reactive diluents have long enabled the use of epoxy formulations in new applications or as a way of achieving processing improvements in existing applications. In the case of amine-cured epoxy resin systems, such diluents have included low molecular weight epoxies, low molecular weight compounds with reactive unsaturation (such as acrylates), lactones, and cycloaliphatic carbonates (U.S. Pat. No. 3,305,527; Feb. 21, 1967), among others. Of these, low molecular weight epoxies and acrylates are known to have adverse health effects on some people exposed to them. Aromatic glycidyl ethers, such as phenyl glycidyl ether, are particularly known for causing allergic sensitization.

Additionally, in some applications, such as the molding of large composite wind blades, decreasing or eliminating the use of common epoxy diluents (such as the diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butane diol) is beneficial to the thermal and mechanical properties of the cured resin but some minimum use level is necessary since viscosity reduction via heating is limited by the increase in maximum exotherm temperature that occurs when the temperatures of the reactive components are raised.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF SOME OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A diluent that reduces the maximum exotherm temperature caused by the epoxy resin polymerization reaction would be of particular utility since it would allow one to increase the temperature of the reactants prior to blending. The ability to use higher resin formulation component temperatures reduces the need for diluents. Thus using a diluent that reduces the maximum exotherm temperature allows one to decrease the component viscosities by increasing the temperature(s) of the resin and hardener. At the same time this decreases the need for diluent, allowing a reduction in diluent level that improves the properties of the cured resin system, in particular by increasing the cured glass transition temperature.

Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method for limiting peak exotherm temperatures in epoxy systems comprising the steps of: combining an amine hardener, an epoxy and a diluent to form an epoxy system, wherein the diluent is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, delta-valerolactam, delta-valerolactone, gamma valerolactone, butyrolactam, beta butyrolactone, gamma butyrolactone, and combinations thereof.

Embodiments of the present invention disclose an article of manufacture, such as a composite rotor blade for use in wind turbines, also termed a wind blade, produced by the method described above.

Embodiments of the present invention further disclose the use of the method described above for producing a molded epoxy composite article.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and the specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following figure has been added to further clarify properties of the present invention.

FIG. 1 shows the temperature rise during gel time testing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention relates to cycloaliphatic carbonates as reactive diluents in epoxy resins for decreasing the exotherm temperature of cast epoxy formulations, thus allowing an increase in the temperature(s) of the initial components. The ability to increase the initial component temperature(s) while avoiding degradation and other ill-effects caused by too-high exotherm temperature(s) provides a significant further viscosity reduction and the benefits that such a reduction provides. Such a viscosity reduction can also allow a further decrease in the level of reactive diluent, which can provide increases in certain thermal and mechanical properties. This use of these reactive diluents may have the advantages of lower ecotoxicity, less thermal degradation of the material in larger casts and shortened cycle times over epoxy systems that use other diluents.

Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method for limiting peak exotherm temperatures in an epoxy system. The method comprises the step of combining an amine hardener, an epoxy and a diluent to form an epoxy system.

The amine hardener of the present invention may include any amine hardener suitable for use in epoxy systems. Preferred amine hardeners include aliphatic amines having amine-hydrogen functionality greater than two amine hydrogens per molecule. In some embodiments the amine or amine blend can contain both a polyetheramine and a cycloaliphatic amine. In an embodiment, the amine blend can be of a commercially available polyetheramine such as JEFFAMINE® D-230 amine (commercially available from the Huntsman Corporation, JEFFAMINE is a registered trademark of Huntsman Corporation) and isophorone diamine. One skilled in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure will recognize suitable amine hardeners for use in the present invention.

The epoxy system of the present invention further comprises an epoxy. Common epoxies that are particularly useful are aromatic glycidyl ethers based upon bisphenol A and/or bisphenol F. The bisphenol A based epoxies are particularly economical and reactive enough to provide reasonable curing times with amine hardeners. In a preferred embodiment, the epoxy resins may consist of multifunctional polyglycidyl ethers of dihydric phenols. ARALDITE® PY 302-2 epoxy resin, a blend of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol F based resins, is a commercially available epoxy from the Huntsman Corporation of The Woodlands, Tex. (ARALDITE is a registered trademark of Huntsman Corporation). One skilled in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize other suitable epoxies for use in this invention.

Epoxy systems of the present invention further comprise a diluent. In an embodiment, the diluent may include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, delta-valerolactam, delta-valerolactone, gamma valerolactone, butyrolactam, beta butyrolactone, gamma butyrolactone, and combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the diluent is propylene carbonate. In another embodiment, the diluent may include several other small cyclic compounds such as: butyrolactam (a.k.a. 2-pyrrolidinone), beta-butyrolactone, gamma-butyrolactam, delta-valerolactam, delta-valerolactone, gamma-valerolactone, and combinations thereof.

It is anticipated that in most cases, the preferred levels of diluents will be at levels of less than about thirty weight percent due to their effect in reducing the glass transition temperatures of the cured polymers. On the other hand, sufficient amounts of the compounds must be used in order to have enough to significantly decrease the exotherm temperature, thus it seems likely that levels greater than about two weight percent would be preferred.

Typical diluents used in epoxy systems are glycidyl ethers, such as diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butane diol (aliphatic) or phenyl glycidyl ether (aromatic). The diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butane diol is typically used as a diluent in wind blade applications. Embodiments of the present invention may replace a portion, if not all, of the glycidyl ether diluents with the diluents of the present invention. The use of diluents disclosed herein, in place of epoxy functional diluents, such as the diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butanediol, in composite wind blade formulations may allow a manufacturer to heat the epoxy system a little hotter without exceeding a desired exothermic temperature limit. This may also shorten cycle times for production of items such as wind blades.

In accordance with certain embodiments, the epoxy systems disclosed herein are substantially free of an aliphatic glycidyl ether diluent. As used herein the term “substantially free of an aliphatic glycidyl ether” or “substantially free of 1,4-butane diol” refers to epoxy systems that do not include any aliphatic glycidyl ether in the final composition, but may include minimal amounts of residual aliphatic glycidyl ether that is present in any remaining solvent or residual amounts of aliphatic glycidyl ether that leaches from any containers, molds or glassware used to synthesize and/or store the compositions. In certain examples, “substantially free of an aliphatic glycidyl ether” refers to an aliphatic glycidyl ether content of less than about 0.12% by weight total in the final epoxy system, more particularly less than about 0.09% by weight in the final epoxy system. Though residual amounts of aliphatic glycidyl ether may be present in the final epoxy system, the residual amount does not impart, or retract from, the physical properties, e.g., reduces the maximum exotherm temperature, increases the cured glass transition temperature of the epoxy system, etc. In addition, any residual amounts of aliphatic glycidyl ether that are present do not contribute appreciable amounts of toxic substances to be considered a health hazard.

Embodiments of the present invention further comprise the step of heating the epoxy system. The diluent-containing epoxy systems may have reduced exothermicity (i.e. those exhibiting lower peak exotherm temperatures), may be heated to higher initial temperatures, thus allowing for decreased amounts of diluents and/or higher molding temperatures with subsequent improvements in processing or thermal and/or mechanical performance. Any temperature suitable for molding that does not generate sufficient heat to cause problems such as outgassing, charring, discoloration, etc. is acceptable for embodiments of the present invention.

Embodiments of the present invention may further comprise the step of injecting, filling, or infusing the epoxy system into a mold. This mold may be for such articles of manufacture such as a wind blade.

In another embodiment of the present invention, epoxy systems may further comprise one or more reactivity agents. When compared to a system containing a similar level of propylene carbonate, the use of a reactivity agent such as glycerin carbonate adds a particularly short gel time and high exotherm temperature. For this reason, other carbonates, not known for exotherm reduction, such as glycerin carbonate, may also be used in the formulation as a means of adjusting reactivity. Other means of adjusting reactivity, such as addition of glycerin, N-aminoethyl piperazine, or other reactive amines, commonly known to those skilled in the art, may also be used in conjunction with the methods disclosed herein and are herein referred to as “reactivity agents.”

In embodiments of the present invention, epoxy systems may further comprise one or more additives. Additives may comprise various processing aids, fillers, stabilizers, additives, adjuvants, and combinations thereof commonly used in curable epoxy formulations. One skilled in the art, with the benefit of this invention, will recognize other suitable additives for use with the present invention.

Embodiments of the present invention further teach an article of manufacture produced by the method described above. In an embodiment, the article of manufacture is a wind blade.

Embodiments of the present invention further teach the use of the method described above to produce a molded epoxy composite article. In an embodiment, the epoxy composite article is a composite blade used in the generation of electricity, particularly from the wind.

Embodiments of the present invention will be further illustrated by a consideration of the following examples, which are intended to be exemplary of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

When 200 g masses of an epoxy formulation, having 15% (resin side) of either propylene carbonate or diglycidylether of 1,4-butanediol as a diluent, and an amine curing agent containing a polyetheramine and a cycloaliphatic amine were allowed to react at room temperature, the peak exotherm temperatures measured near the center of the mass were 35° C. and 73° C., respectively. Obviously the use of propylene carbonate as a diluent can limit the exothermic temperature rise compared to the diglycidylether of 1,4-butanediol. In larger masses, such as those used in composite applications, the difference between the two maximum exotherm temperatures is expected to become even larger.

Example 2

FIG. 1 shows the temperature rise during gel time testing (200 g).

Focusing on the four curves on the right side of the figure, they are stoichiometric mixtures of 1) bisphenol A/F epoxy resin, 2) an amine blend (20 wt.% isophorone diamine (IPDA) +80 wt. % polyetheramine (from Huntsman Corporation under the designation XTJ-678) and 3) either propylene carbonate (PC) or diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butanediol diluents (DY-D). The weight percentage diluent levels, based on the diluent plus the epoxy resin, are shown in the boxes in the figure. In particular, the lines with the hollow diamond and hexagonal data points have respectively 10% and 5% by weight PC. The lines with the hollow triangle and square data points have respectively 10% and 5% by weight DY-D. Note that at both usage levels, the peak temperatures of the DY-D containing formulations exceed those of either of the PC containing formulations. The curve at the left with the solid circle data points is of a generally similar formulation except it contains ten weight percent in the resin of glycerin carbonate (GC). The great exotherm temperature is due to the faster reaction caused by catalysis of the epoxide-amine reaction by the hydroxyl group of the glycerin carbonate. Thus this carbonate might be used in admixture with other diluents to speed curing and increase exotherm temperatures when such increases pose no problems.

Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for limiting peak exotherm temperatures in an epoxy system comprising the step of: combining an amine hardener, an epoxy, and a diluent to form an epoxy system; wherein the diluent is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, delta-valerolactam, delta-valerolactone, gamma valerolactone, butyrolactam, beta butyrolactone, gamma butyrolactone, and combinations thereof.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the diluent is propylene carbonate
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the diluent is selected from the group consisting of: delta-valerolactam, delta-valerolactone, gamma valerolactone, butyrolactam, beta butyrolactone, gamma butyrolactone, and combinations thereof.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the epoxy system is substantially free of an aliphatic glycidyl ether.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the aliphatic glycidyl ether comprises a diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butane diol.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the amine hardener comprises an aliphatic amine having an amine-hydrogen functionality greater than two amine hydrogens per molecule.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the epoxy comprises a multifunctional polyglycidyl ether of dihydric phenol.
 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of heating the epoxy system.
 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of injecting, filling, or infusing the epoxy system into a mold.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the mold is a wind blade mold.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the diluent has a weight percent in the epoxy system in the range of from about two percent to about thirty percent.
 12. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding a reactivity agent to the epoxy system.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the reactivity agent is selected from the group consisting of: glycerin carbonate, glycerin, N-aminoethyl piperazine, and combinations thereof.
 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the epoxy system further comprises an additive.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of: a processing aid, a filler, a stabilizer, an additive, an adjuvant and combinations thereof.
 16. An article of manufacture produced by the method of claim
 1. 17. The article of manufacture of claim 16, wherein the article of manufacture comprises a wind blade.
 18. The use of the method of claim 1 to produce a molded epoxy composite article.
 19. The use of the method of claim 16 wherein the epoxy composite article comprises a composite blade used in the generation of electricity. 